Although the PHP scripting language has been around since 1995 and is a staple of Web development, it does not actually have a formal language specification — just extensive user documentation. But ...

Computational logic and formal languages form a cornerstone of modern computer science and mathematics, providing the theoretical framework by which algorithms, automated reasoning systems and even ...

Sydney Brenner argues that cells and living organisms are good examples of Turing and von Neumann machines (Nature 482, 461; 2012). But the nature of living matter cannot be properly accommodated ...